Amandla, njengesisekelo esibonakalayo senqubekelaphambili yempucuko yabantu, abelokhu edlala indima ebalulekile.Kuyisiqinisekiso esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi wesintu.Kanye namanzi, umoya, nokudla, kwakha izimo ezidingekayo ukuze umuntu aphile futhi kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuphila komuntu..

Ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yamandla kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezimbili ezinkulu kusukela “enkathini” yezinkuni zokubasa kuya “enkathini” yamalahle, bese kusuka “enkathini” yamalahle kuya “enkathini” kawoyela.Manje isiqalile ukushintsha isuka “enkathini” kawoyela iye “enkathini” yokuguqulwa kwamandla avuselelekayo.

Kusukela kumalahle njengomthombo oyinhloko ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya kuwoyela njengomthombo oyinhloko phakathi nekhulu lama-20, abantu baye basebenzisa amandla ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ngezinga elikhulu iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200.Nokho, ukwakheka kwamandla omhlaba wonke okubuswa amandla ezinto ezimbiwa phansi kwenza angabe esaba kude nokuncipha kwamandla ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.

Izithwali ezintathu zezomnotho zamandla ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi ezimelelwe amalahle, uwoyela kanye negesi yemvelo zizophela ngokushesha ekhulwini leminyaka elisha, futhi inqubo yokusetshenziswa nokusha, izophinde ibangele umphumela we-greenhouse, ikhiqize inani elikhulu lokungcola, futhi ingcolise. imvelo.

Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukuncika emandleni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, ukuguqula isakhiwo sokusebenzisa amandla ngendlela engenangqondo ekhona, futhi kufuneke amandla amasha avuselelekayo ahlanzekile nangenawo ukungcola.

Njengamanje, amandla avuselelekayo ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa amandla omoya, amandla e-hydrogen, amandla elanga, amandla e-biomass, amandla e-tidal namandla e-geothermal, njll., kanye namandla omoya namandla elanga kuyizindawo zamanje zocwaningo emhlabeni wonke.

Kodwa-ke, kusenzima uma kuqhathaniswa ukuzuza ukuguqulwa okuphumelelayo nokugcinwa kwemithombo yamandla ehlukene avuselelekayo, ngaleyo ndlela kube nzima ukuyisebenzisa ngempumelelo.

Kulokhu, ukuze kubonwe ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwamandla amasha avuselelekayo ngabantu, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe obusha bokugcina amandla obulula nobusebenzayo, obuphinde bube yisizinda esishisayo ocwaningweni lwamanje lwezenhlalo.

Njengamanje, amabhethri e-lithium-ion, njengenye yebhethri yesibili ephumelela kakhulu, asetshenziswe kabanzi kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene kagesi, ezokuthutha, i-aerospace kanye nezinye izinkambu., amathemba entuthuko anzima kakhulu.

Izakhiwo ezingokomzimba nezamakhemikhali ze-sodium ne-lithium ziyafana, futhi inomphumela wokugcina amandla.Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okucebile, ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo komthombo we-sodium, kanye nentengo ephansi, isetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla amakhulu, obunezici zezindleko eziphansi nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu.

Izinto ze-electrode ezinhle nezingezinhle zamabhethri e-sodium ion zifaka izinhlanganisela zensimbi eziguquguqukayo ezinezingqimba, ama-polyanion, ama-phosphates ensimbi eguquguqukayo, ama-nanoparticles egobolondo eliyinhloko, izinhlanganisela zensimbi, ikhabhoni eqinile, njll.

Njengento enezinqolobane eziningi kakhulu ngokwemvelo, ikhabhoni ishibhile futhi kulula ukuyithola, futhi isizuze ukuqashelwa okuningi njenge-anode material yamabhethri e-sodium-ion.

Ngokwezinga le-graphitization, izinto zekhabhoni zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili: i-graphic carbon kanye ne-amorphous carbon.

Ikhabhoni eqinile, okungeyekhabhoni ye-amorphous, ibonisa umthamo othize wokugcina i-sodium engu-300mAh/g, kuyilapho izinto zekhabhoni ezinezinga eliphakeme le-graphitization kunzima ukuhlangabezana nokusetshenziswa kwezohwebo ngenxa yendawo yazo enkulu kanye nokuhleleka okuqinile.

Ngakho-ke, izinto ezingezona ze-graphite zekhabhoni eqinile zisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni olusebenzayo.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwezisetshenziswa ze-anode zamabhethri e-sodium-ion, i-hydrophilicity kanye nokusebenza kwe-carbon materials kungathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa i-ion doping noma inhlanganisela, engathuthukisa ukusebenza kokugcinwa kwamandla kwezinto ze-carbon.

Njengento engalungile ye-electrode yebhethri ye-sodium ion, izinhlanganisela zensimbi ngokuyinhloko ziyi-carbides yensimbi enezinhlangothi ezimbili kanye nama-nitride.Ngaphezu kwezici ezinhle kakhulu zezinto ezinobukhulu obubili, azikwazi ukugcina ama-ion e-sodium kuphela nge-adsorption kanye ne-intercalation, kodwa futhi ahlanganiswe ne-sodium Inhlanganisela yama-ion ikhiqiza amandla ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali okugcina amandla, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise kakhulu umphumela wokugcina amandla.

Ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme kanye nobunzima bokuthola izinhlanganisela zensimbi, izinto zekhabhoni ziseyizinto eziyinhloko ze-anode zamabhethri e-sodium-ion.

Ukunyuka kwezinhlanganisela zensimbi eziguquguqukayo ezigqinsiwe kungemuva kokutholakala kwe-graphene.Njengamanje, izinto ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili ezisetshenziswa kumabhethri e-sodium-ion ikakhulukazi zifaka i-sodium-based layered NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, njll.

Izinto ze-Polyanionic positive electrode zaqala ukusetshenziswa kuma-electrode ebhethri e-lithium-ion, futhi kamuva zasetshenziswa kumabhethri e-sodium-ion.Izinto ezimele ezibalulekile zifaka amakristalu e-olivine afana ne-NaMnPO4 ne-NaFePO4.

I-transition metal phosphate ekuqaleni yayisetshenziswa njengento esebenzayo ye-electrode kumabhethri e-lithium-ion.Inqubo yokuhlanganisa isivuthiwe futhi kunezinhlaka eziningi zekristalu.

I-Phosphate, njengesakhiwo esinezinhlangothi ezintathu, yakha uhlaka lohlaka oluhambisana nokuhlukaniswa nokuhlangana kwe-sodium ion, bese ithola amabhethri e-sodium-ion anokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokugcina amandla.

I-core-shell structure iwuhlobo olusha lwezinto ze-anode zamabhethri e-sodium-ion ezivele eminyakeni yamuva nje.Ngokusekelwe ezintweni zokuqala, le nto izuze isakhiwo esingenalutho ngomklamo omuhle wesakhiwo.

Izinto ezivame kakhulu zesakhiwo segobolondo eliwumgogodla zihlanganisa ama-cobalt selenide nanocubes angenalutho, ama-Fe-N co-doped core-shell sodium vanadate nanospheres, ama-porous carbon hollow tin oxide nanospheres nezinye izakhiwo ezingenalutho.

Ngenxa yezici zayo ezinhle kakhulu, kuhlanganiswe nesakhiwo somlingo esingenalutho kanye ne-porous, umsebenzi owengeziwe we-electrochemical uvezwa ku-electrolyte, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi ikhuthaza kakhulu ukuhamba kwe-ion ye-electrolyte ukuze kuzuzwe ukugcinwa kwamandla okuphumelelayo.

Amandla avuselelekayo emhlabeni wonke ayaqhubeka nokukhuphuka, okugqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla.

Njengamanje, ngokwezindlela ezihlukene zokugcina amandla, ingahlukaniswa isitoreji samandla ngokomzimba kanye nesitoreji samandla e-electrochemical.

Isitoreji samandla e-electrochemical sihlangabezana namazinga okuthuthukiswa obuchwepheshe banamuhla bokugcina amandla ngenxa yezinzuzo zabo zokuphepha okuphezulu, izindleko eziphansi, ukusetshenziswa okuvumelana nezimo, nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu.

Ngokwezinqubo ezihlukene zokusabela kwe-electrochemical, imithombo yamandla okugcina amandla e-electrochemical ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa ama-supercapacitor, amabhethri e-lead-acid, amabhethri amandla kaphethiloli, amabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride, amabhethri e-sodium-sulphur, namabhethri e-lithium-ion.

Kubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla, izinto eziguquguqukayo ze-electrode zihehe izintshisekelo zocwaningo zososayensi abaningi ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwedizayini yazo, ukuguquguquka, izindleko eziphansi, nezici zokuvikela imvelo.

Izinto zekhabhoni zinokuzinza okukhethekile kwe-thermochemical, ukuhamba kahle kukagesi, amandla aphezulu, nezakhiwo ezingavamile zemishini, okuzenza zibe ama-electrode athembisayo amabhethri e-lithium-ion namabhethri e-sodium-ion.

Ama-Supercapacitor angashajwa ngokushesha futhi akhululwe ngaphansi kwezimo eziphakeme zamanje, futhi abe nempilo yomjikelezo izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-100,000.Ziwuhlobo olusha lwamandla okugcina amandla e-electrochemical akhethekile phakathi kwama-capacitor namabhethri.

Ama-Supercapacitor anezici zokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokuguqulwa kwamandla, kodwa amandla awo aphansi aphansi, athambekele ekuzikhipheni ngokwawo, futhi athambekele ekuvuzeni kwe-electrolyte uma esetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele.

Nakuba iseli lamandla kaphethiloli linezici zokungashajwa, umthamo omkhulu, umthamo othize ophezulu kanye nobubanzi bamandla athile akhethekile, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokusebenza kwawo, intengo ephezulu, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla kwenza itholakale kuphela ohlelweni lokudayiswa.esetshenziswa ezigabeni ezithile.

Amabhethri aneasidi yomthofu anezinzuzo zezindleko eziphansi, ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe, nokuphepha okuphezulu, futhi asetshenziswe kabanzi eziteshini zesignali, amabhayisikili kagesi, izimoto, kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla egridi.Amabhodi amafushane anjengokungcolisa indawo ezungezile awakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezikhulayo kanye namazinga amabhethri okugcina amandla.

Amabhethri e-Ni-MH anezici zokuguquguquka okunamandla, inani eliphansi le-calorific, umthamo omkhulu we-monomer, nezici zokukhishwa ezizinzile, kodwa isisindo sazo sikhulu, futhi kunezinkinga eziningi ekulawuleni uchungechunge lwebhethri, okungaholela kalula ekuncibilikeni kwe-single. izihlukanisi zebhethri.