Amandla, njengesisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo sentuthuko yempucuko yabantu, abelokhu edlala indima ebalulekile. Kuyisiqinisekiso esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa komphakathi wabantu. Kanye namanzi, umoya, nokudla, kwakha izimo ezidingekayo zokusinda kwabantu futhi kuthinta ngqo impilo yabantu.

Intuthuko yemboni yamandla idlule ezinguqukweni ezimbili ezinkulu kusukela “enkathini” yezinkuni kuya “enkathini” yamalahle, bese kuba “enkathini” yamalahle kuya “enkathini” kawoyela. Manje isiqalile ukushintsha kusukela “enkathini” kawoyela kuya “enkathini” yokushintsha kwamandla avuselelekayo.

Kusukela kumalahle njengomthombo oyinhloko ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya ku-oyela njengomthombo oyinhloko phakathi nekhulu lama-20, abantu basebenzise amandla ezinsalela ngezinga elikhulu iminyaka engaphezu kwama-200. Kodwa-ke, isakhiwo samandla omhlaba wonke esilawulwa amandla ezinsalela senza ukuthi singabe sisakude kakhulu nokuphela kwamandla ezinsalela.

Izinkampani ezintathu zendabuko zamandla emvelo ezithwala umnotho ezimelelwa ngamalahle, uwoyela kanye negesi yemvelo zizophela ngokushesha ekhulwini elisha, futhi enkambisweni yokusetshenziswa nokushiswa, zizophinde zibangele umphumela wokushisa komhlaba, zikhiqize inani elikhulu lokungcola, futhi zingcolise imvelo.

Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukuthembela emandleni akudala, ukushintsha isakhiwo sokusetshenziswa kwamandla okungenangqondo esikhona, nokufuna amandla amasha avuselelekayo ahlanzekile futhi angenakho ukungcola.

Njengamanje, amandla avuselelekayo ahlanganisa kakhulu amandla omoya, amandla e-hydrogen, amandla elanga, amandla e-biomass, amandla olwandle kanye namandla okushisa komhlaba, njll., kanti amandla omoya kanye namandla elanga kuyizindawo ezidumile zocwaningo emhlabeni jikelele.

Kodwa-ke, kusenzima kakhulu ukufeza ukuguqulwa nokugcinwa kahle kwemithombo ehlukahlukene yamandla avuselelekayo, okwenza kube nzima ukuyisebenzisa ngempumelelo.

Kulokhu, ukuze kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo amandla amasha avuselelekayo ngabantu, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obusha bokugcina amandla obulula nobusebenzayo, obuyindawo eshisayo ocwaningweni lwezenhlalo lwamanje.

Njengamanje, amabhethri e-lithium-ion, njengenye yamabhethri esibili asebenza kahle kakhulu, asetshenziswe kabanzi kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene kagesi, ezokuthutha, ezindiza kanye neminye imikhakha. , amathuba okuthuthuka anzima kakhulu.

Izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ze-sodium ne-lithium ziyafana, futhi zinomphumela wokugcina amandla. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okucebile, ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo komthombo we-sodium, kanye nentengo ephansi, isetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla obukhulu, obunezici zezindleko eziphansi kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu.

Izinto ze-electrode ezinhle nezimbi zamabhethri e-sodium ion zifaka phakathi ama-exchange metal compounds anezingqimba, ama-polyanion, ama-transition metal phosphates, ama-nanoparticles e-core-shell, ama-metal compounds, i-hard carbon, njll.

Njengento enezinto eziningi kakhulu ezigciniwe ngokwemvelo, ikhabhoni ishibhile futhi kulula ukuyithola, futhi ithole ukuqashelwa okukhulu njengento esetshenziswayo yamabhethri e-sodium-ion.

Ngokwezinga le-graphitization, izinto zekhabhoni zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: i-graphitic carbon kanye ne-amorphous carbon.

Ikhabhoni eqinile, engeyekhabhoni engaguquki, ikhombisa umthamo othize wokugcina i-sodium ongu-300mAh/g, kuyilapho izinto zekhabhoni ezinezinga eliphezulu le-graphitization kunzima ukuzisebenzisa kwezentengiselwano ngenxa yendawo yazo enkulu kanye nokuhleleka okuqinile.

Ngakho-ke, izinto ezisebenzisa ikhabhoni eqinile ezingezona i-graphite zisetshenziswa kakhulu ocwaningweni olusebenzayo.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwezinto ze-anode zamabhethri e-sodium-ion, ukuphilileka kwamanzi kanye nokuqhuba kwezinto zekhabhoni kungathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa i-ion doping noma i-compound, okungathuthukisa ukusebenza kokugcina amandla kwezinto zekhabhoni.

Njengezinto ezingezinhle ze-electrode zebhethri le-sodium ion, ama-compound ensimbi ikakhulukazi angama-carbide ensimbi anezinhlangothi ezimbili kanye nama-nitride. Ngaphezu kwezici ezinhle kakhulu zezinto ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili, azigcini nje ngokugcina ama-ion e-sodium ngokumunca kanye nokuhlanganisa, kodwa futhi zihlanganiswa ne-sodium. Inhlanganisela yama-ion ikhiqiza amandla ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuze kugcinwe amandla, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise kakhulu umphumela wokugcina amandla.

Ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme kanye nobunzima bokuthola amakhemikhali ensimbi, izinto zekhabhoni ziseyizinto eziyinhloko ze-anode zamabhethri e-sodium-ion.

Ukwanda kwamakhemikhali ensimbi aguquguqukayo agqitshiwe kwenzeka ngemva kokutholakala kwe-graphene. Njengamanje, izinto ezisetshenziswa kumabhethri e-sodium-ion zifaka phakathi i-NaxMO4, i-NaxCoO4, i-NaxMnO4, i-NaxVO4, i-NaxFeO4, njll.

Izinto ze-polyanionic positive electrode zaqala ukusetshenziswa kuma-electrode e-lithium-ion battery positive, futhi kamuva zasetshenziswa kumabhethri e-sodium-ion. Izinto ezibalulekile ezimele zihlanganisa amakristalu e-olivine njenge-NaMnPO4 kanye ne-NaFePO4.

I-transition metal phosphate ekuqaleni yayisetshenziswa njengento ekhiqiza i-electrode enhle kumabhethri e-lithium-ion. Inqubo yokwenza izinto isivuthiwe futhi kunezakhiwo eziningi zekristalu.

I-phosphate, njengesakhiwo esinezinhlangothi ezintathu, yakha isakhiwo sohlaka esivumelana nokususwa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwama-ion e-sodium, bese ithola amabhethri e-sodium-ion asebenza kahle kakhulu ekugcineni amandla.

Izinto zokwakha igobolondo eliyinhloko uhlobo olusha lwezinto ze-anode zamabhethri e-sodium-ion ezivele eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ngokusekelwe ezintweni zokuqala, lezi zinto zifinyelele isakhiwo esingenalutho ngomklamo omuhle kakhulu wesakhiwo.

Izinto zokwakha igobolondo eliyinhloko ezivame kakhulu zifaka phakathi ama-nanocubes e-cobalt selenide angenalutho, ama-nanospheres e-core-shell e-Fe-N ahlanganisiwe, ama-nanospheres e-carbon hollow tin oxide angenalutho kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezingenalutho.

Ngenxa yezici zayo ezinhle kakhulu, kanye nesakhiwo esinomgodi omangalisayo nesingenazo izimbobo, umsebenzi omningi wamakhemikhali we-electrolyte uvezwa ku-electrolyte, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi ikhuthaza kakhulu ukuhamba kwama-ion e-electrolyte ukuze kufezwe ukugcinwa kwamandla okuphumelelayo.

Amandla avuselelekayo emhlabeni wonke ayaqhubeka nokukhula, okukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla.

Njengamanje, ngokwezindlela ezahlukene zokugcina amandla, ingahlukaniswa ibe yisitoreji samandla angokwenyama kanye nesitoreji samandla kagesi.

Isitoreji samandla kagesi sihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha bokugcina amandla banamuhla ngenxa yezinzuzo zaso zokuphepha okuphezulu, izindleko eziphansi, ukusetshenziswa okuguquguqukayo, kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu.

Ngokwezinqubo ezahlukene zokusabela kwe-electrochemical, imithombo yamandla okugcina amandla e-electrochemical ihlanganisa ikakhulukazi ama-supercapacitors, amabhethri e-lead-acid, amabhethri kagesi kaphethiloli, amabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride, amabhethri e-sodium-sulfur, kanye namabhethri e-lithium-ion.

Kubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla, izinto ze-electrode eziguquguqukayo zidonsele izintshisekelo zocwaningo lososayensi abaningi ngenxa yokwahlukahluka kwazo komklamo, ukuguquguquka, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nezici zokuvikela imvelo.

Izinto zekhabhoni zinokuqina okukhethekile kwe-thermochemical, ukuhanjiswa kukagesi okuhle, amandla aphezulu, kanye nezakhiwo ezingavamile zemishini, okwenza zibe ama-electrode athembisayo amabhethri e-lithium-ion namabhethri e-sodium-ion.

Ama-Supercapacitor angashajwa futhi akhishwe ngokushesha ngaphansi kwezimo zamandla aphezulu, futhi abe nokuphila komjikelezo okungaphezu kwezikhathi eziyi-100,000. Awuhlobo olusha lokunikezwa kwamandla okugcina amandla kagesi akhethekile phakathi kwama-capacitor namabhethri.

Ama-Supercapacitor anezici zobuningi bamandla aphezulu kanye nesilinganiso sokuguqulwa kwamandla aphezulu, kodwa ubukhulu bawo bamandla buphansi, avame ukuzikhipha, futhi avame ukuvuza ama-electrolyte uma esetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele.

Nakuba iseli likaphethiloli linezici zokungashaji, amandla amakhulu, amandla athile aphezulu kanye nobubanzi bamandla athile, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokusebenza, intengo ephezulu, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla aphansi kwenza litholakale kuphela enkambisweni yokuhweba.

Amabhethri e-lead-acid anezinzuzo zokuba nezindleko eziphansi, ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe, kanye nokuphepha okuphezulu, futhi asetshenziswe kabanzi eziteshini zesisekelo sesignali, emabhayisikili kagesi, ezimotweni, kanye nasekugcinweni kwamandla egridi. Amabhodi amafushane anjengokungcolisa imvelo awakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo nezindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zamabhethri okugcina amandla.

Amabhethri e-Ni-MH anezici zokuguquguquka okunamandla, inani eliphansi lama-calorie, umthamo omkhulu we-monomer, kanye nezici zokukhipha ezizinzile, kodwa isisindo sawo sikhulu kakhulu, futhi kunezinkinga eziningi ekuphathweni kochungechunge lwamabhethri, okungaholela kalula ekuncibilikeni kwezihlukanisi zebhethri elilodwa.