Ukwenyuka okukhulu kwamanani entengo yezinto zokusetshenziswa kwebhethri kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2021 kubangela ukuqagela ngokubhujiswa kwesidingo noma ukubambezeleka, futhi kuholele enkolelweni yokuthi izinkampani zezimoto zingase zishintshe izintandokazi zezimoto zazo zikagesi.

Iphakethe elibiza kancane kakhulu ngokwesiko bekuyi-lithium-iron-phosphate, nomaI-LFP.I-Tesla ibilokhu isebenzisa i-LFP kumamodeli ayo okuqala enziwe eShayina kusukela ngo-2021. Abanye abakhiqizi bezimoto njengeVolkswagen neRivian nabo bamemezele ukuthi bazosebenzisa i-LFP kumamodeli ayo ashibhile.

Amabhethri e-nickel-cobalt-manganese, noma i-NCM, angenye indlela. Adinga inani elifanayo le-lithium ukuzeI-LFP, kodwa ihlanganisa i-cobalt, ebiza kakhulu futhi inqubo yayo yokukhiqizwa iyaphikiswana.

Intengo yensimbi yeCobalt ikhuphuke ngo-70% ngonyaka. I-Nickel ibone ukuphazamiseka kwamuva nje ngemuva kokuncipha kwe-LME. Intengo ye-nickel yezinyanga ezintathu ihweba ngebanga langaphakathi kwezinsuku phakathi kuka-$27,920-$28,580/mt ngoMeyi 10.

Okwamanje, amanani e-lithium akhuphuke ngaphezu kuka-700% kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2021, okuholele ekukhuphukeni okukhulu kwamanani ebhethri.
Ngokusho kwe-S&P Global Market Intelligence, izindleko zensimbi zamabhethri aseShayina ngoMashi zikhuphuke ngo-580.7% ngonyaka ngamabhethri e-LFP ngedola ngekhilogramu, zakhuphuka zaya cishe ku-$36/kwh. Amabhethri e-NCM akhuphuke ngo-152.6% esikhathini esifanayo afinyelela ku-$73-78/kwh ngoFebhuwari.

"Indlelai-lithiumintengo yayo inyukile ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezedlule. Kuyisaphulelo esincane kunalokho obungakulindela [uma kuqhathaniswa ne-NCM] futhi uma usufaka izici zokusebenza kuba yisinqumo esinzima kakhulu kunaleso ebesizoba yiso. Ungase ufune ukunikeza abanye ukusebenza ngezindleko, kodwa akushibhile kakhulu kulezi zinsuku. " kusho omunye umthengisi we-cobalt hydroxide.

“Kwakukhona ukukhathazeka, ngempela, ngoba izindleko ze-LFP zazibeka engcupheni enkulu kakhulu engxenyeni ehlose kuyo, okungamabhethri ashibhile,” kuvuma umthombo womkhiqizi we-lithium.

"Azikho ezinye izindlela ezisobala zokusebenzisa amabhethri asebenzisa i-nickel (lawo aqukethe izingxenye ezingu-8 ze-nickel noma ngaphezulu) esikhathini esifushane kuya kwesesikhathini esiphakathi. Ukubuyela kumabhethri e-NMC asebenzisa i-nickel ephansi kuvuselela ukukhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa kwe-cobalt, kuyilapho amabhethri e-LFP engakakwazi ukuhambisana ngokugcwele nokusebenza kwebanga futhi anezimpawu zokushisa eziphansi ezingathandeki uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri asebenzisa i-nickel," kusho u-Alice Yu, umhlaziyi omkhulu, i-S&P Global Market Intelligence.

Nakuba ikhemikhali ekhethwayo eShayina ibhethri le-LFP, kuvame ukucatshangwa ukuthi i-NCM izodlala indima enkulu ezimakethe ze-EU - lapho abathengi bekhetha izimoto ezibahambisa ezweni lonke noma ezinqamula izwekazi ngamanani ambalwa kakhulu.

"Uma sibheka ukuklama izitshalo zamabhethri, sidinga ukuhlola ukuguquguquka. Njengamanje kukhona ukulingana kwentengo phakathi kwe-LFP ne-NCM. Uma i-LFP iba ​​ngeshibhile kakhulu futhi singabeka phambili ukukhiqizwa, kodwa njengamanje kufanele sikhiqize i-NCM ngoba iwumkhiqizo wekhwalithi ephezulu." kusho i-OEM yezimoto.

I-OEM yesibili yezimoto iphinde yasho lawo mazwi, “amabhethri e-LFP azoba khona ezimotweni ezisezingeni lokuqala, kodwa angeke asetshenziswe ezimotweni zekhwalithi ephezulu”.

Isici esikhawulelayo

Ukuhlinzekwa kwe-lithium kusalokhu kuyinkinga enkulu emakethe ye-EV futhi kuyinto engavimba noma iyiphi inkampani ukuthi ishintshele kalula kwi-LFP.

Ucwaningo oluvela ku-S&P Global Commodity Insights lubonisa ukuthi uma zonke izimayini ze-lithium ezisendleleni zifika ku-inthanethi ngesikhathi esiphakanyisiwe, ngemininingwane efanele yezinto zebanga lebhethri, kusazoba nokushoda kwama-220,000 mt ngo-2030, uma kubhekwa ukuthi isidingo sifinyelela kuma-2 million mt ekupheleni kwale minyaka eyishumi.

Iningi labakhiqizi be-lithium baseNtshonalanga banengxenye enkulu kakhulu yomkhiqizo wabo obhukishwe ngaphansi kwezinkontileka zesikhathi eside, kanti abaguquli baseShayina bebematasa ngezidingo zenkontileka yesikhathi esifushane neyesikhathi eside.

“Kunezicelo eziningana [ezitholakalayo], kodwa asinazo izinto ezitholakalayo okwamanje,” kusho umthombo womkhiqizi we-lithium. “Sinezinqwaba ezitholakalayo kuphela uma ikhasimende linenkinga ethile, noma likhansela ukuthunyelwa ngesizathu esithile, ngaphandle kwalokho konke kubhukhiwe,” enezela.

Ukukhathazeka okukhulu nge-lithium, nezinye izinsimbi zebhethri, okuba yisici esivimbelayo ekukhuthazeni ukwamukelwa kwe-EV kuholele abenzi bezimoto ukuthi bahileleke kakhulu ohlangothini oluphezulu lwemboni.

I-General Motors izotshala imali ekuthuthukisweni kwephrojekthi ye-lithium ye-Controlled Thermal Resources 'Hell's Kitchen eCalifornia. I-Stellantis, i-Volkswagen kanye ne-Renault babambisene ne-Vulcan Resources ukuthola izinto ezivela kuphrojekthi ye-Zero Carbon eJalimane.

Okunye okukhethwa kukho i-sodium-ion

Njengoba kulindeleke ukuthi kube nokuntuleka kwe-lithium, i-cobalt kanye ne-nickel, imboni yamabhethri ibilokhu ihlola ezinye izindlela. Amabhethri e-Sodium-ion abhekwa njengenye yezinketho ezithembisayo kakhulu.

I-Sodium-ion ngokuvamile izosebenzisa ikhabhoni ku-anode kanye nezinto ezivela esigabeni esaziwa ngokuthi i-Prussian Blue ku-cathode. Kukhona "uchungechunge lwezinsimbi ezingasetshenziswa ku-Prussian Blue, futhi luzohluka kuye ngenkampani," ngokusho kukaVenkat Srinivasan, umqondisi we-Argonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science (ACCESS) ese-US.

Inzuzo enkulu ye-sodium-ion ukuthi izindleko zayo zokukhiqiza ziphansi, kusho imithombo. Ngenxa yobuningi be-sodium emhlabeni, la maphakethe ebhethri angabiza cishe u-3%-50% ngaphansi kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion. Ubuningi bamandla bufana ne-LFP.

I-Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL), enye yabakhiqizi bamabhethri abakhulu eShayina, yethule ngonyaka odlule isizukulwane sayo sokuqala sebhethri le-sodium-ion, kanye nesixazululo sayo sephakethe lamabhethri le-AB, esibonise ukuthi sikwazile ukuhlanganisa amaseli e-sodium-ion namaseli e-lithium-ion ephaketheni elilodwa. Inqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nemishini yebhethri le-sodium-ion iyahambisana nebhethri le-lithium-ion lamanje, kusho i-CATL.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba i-sodium-ion ifinyelele izinga elikhulu kwezentengiselwano, kudingeka kuxazululwe ezinye izinkinga.

Kusekhona ukuthuthukiswa okusamelwe kufezwe ezinhlangothini ze-electrolyte kanye ne-anode.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nebhethri elisekelwe ku-LFP, i-sodium-ion inamandla kakhulu lapho ikhishwa, kodwa ibuthakathaka lapho ishajwa.

Isici esiyinhloko esivimbelayo ukuthi lokhu kusesesikhathi esithile kusukela ekutholakaleni ezingeni lezentengiselwano.

Ngokufanayo, kuye kwenziwa utshalomali lwezigidigidi zamaRandi ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwe-lithium-ion olusekelwe kumakhemikhali acebile nge-lithium kanye ne-nickel.

“Ngokuqinisekile singabheka i-sodium-ion kodwa sidinga ukugxila kuqala kubuchwepheshe obukhona kakade futhi obuletha isitshalo ku-inthanethi,” kusho omunye umenzi wamabhethri.