Imfihlo yokuphila isikhathi eside kwamabhethri ashajwayo ingase itholakale ekwamukeleni umehluko. Imodeli entsha yokuthi amaseli e-lithium-ion ephaketheni awohloka kanjani ikhombisa indlela yokulungisa ukushaja ngokwekhono leseli ngalinye ukuze amabhethri e-EV akwazi ukusingatha imijikelezo eminingi yokushaja futhi avimbele ukwehluleka.

Ucwaningo, olushicilelwe ngoNovemba 5 ku-Ukuthengiselana kwe-IEEE kubuchwepheshe bezinhlelo zokulawula, ikhombisa ukuthi ukuphatha ngenkuthalo inani lamandla kagesi ageleza esitokisini ngasinye ephaketheni, kunokuba kunikezwe ukushaja ngokulinganayo, kunganciphisa kanjani ukuguguleka nokudabuka. Le ndlela ivumela ngempumelelo iseli ngalinye ukuba liphile impilo yalo engcono kakhulu - futhi ende -.

Ngokusho kukaprofesa waseStanford kanye nombhali ocwaningweni ophezulu uSimona Onori, ukulingisa kokuqala kusikisela ukuthi amabhethri aphethwe ngobuchwepheshe obusha angaphatha okungenani imijikelezo yokushaja engu-20% eyengeziwe, ngisho nokushaja okusheshayo okuvamile, okubeka ibhethri ekucindezelekeni okwengeziwe.

Imizamo eminingi yangaphambilini yokwandisa impilo yebhethri yemoto kagesi igxile ekuthuthukiseni ukwakheka, izinto zokwakha, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamaseli angawodwa, ngokusekelwe embonweni wokuthi, njengezixhumanisi eketangeni, iphakethe lebhethri lihle kuphela njengeseli lalo elibuthakathaka. Ucwaningo olusha luqala ngokuqonda ukuthi yize izixhumanisi ezibuthakathaka zingenakugwenywa - ngenxa yokungapheleli kokukhiqiza kanye ngoba amanye amaseli awohloka ngokushesha kunamanye njengoba evezwa ukucindezeleka njengokushisa - akudingeki ukuthi anciphise lonke iphakethe. Isihluthulelo ukwenza amazinga okushaja avumelane namandla ahlukile eseli ngalinye ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwehluleka.

“Uma kungaxazululwa kahle, ukungafani kweseli neseli kungalimaza impilo, impilo, kanye nokuphepha kwephakethe lebhethri futhi kubangele ukungasebenzi kahle kwephakethe lebhethri kusenesikhathi,” kusho u-Onori, onguprofesa osizayo wobunjiniyela besayensi yamandla eStanford Doerr School of Sustainability. “Indlela yethu ilinganisa amandla kuseli ngalinye elisephaketheni, ilethe wonke amaseli esimweni sokugcina sokushaja ngendlela elinganiselayo futhi ithuthukise impilo yephakethe.”

Ugqugquzelwe ukwakha ibhethri elingamamayela ayisigidi

Ingxenye yesizathu socwaningo olusha ibuyela emuva esimemezelweni sika-2020 esenziwe yiTesla, inkampani yezimoto zikagesi, sokusebenza ebhethrini “elingamamayela ayisigidi.” Leli kungaba ibhethri elikwazi ukunika amandla imoto amamayela ayisigidi noma ngaphezulu (ngokushaja njalo) ngaphambi kokufinyelela eqophelweni lapho, njengebhethri le-lithium-ion efonini noma kwi-laptop endala, ibhethri le-EV ligcina ukushaja okuncane kakhulu ukuba lisebenze.

Ibhethri elinjalo lingadlula iwaranti evamile yabenzi bezimoto ngamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi aneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili noma amamayela ayi-100,000. Nakuba amabhethri ehlala isikhathi eside kunewaranti yawo, ukuzethemba kwabathengi ezimotweni zikagesi kungaqiniswa uma ukushintsha amabhethri abizayo kuba yinto encane kakhulu. Ibhethri elingasakwazi ukuthwala ukushaja ngemva kokushaja izinkulungwane lingenza kube lula ukufaka ugesi kwamaloli ahamba ibanga elide, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezibizwa ngokuthi izimoto-kuya-kugridi, lapho amabhethri e-EV angagcina futhi athumele amandla avuselelekayo egridi yamandla.

“Kamuva kwachazwa ukuthi umqondo webhethri elingamamayela ayisigidi wawungeyona into entsha, kodwa wawuyindlela nje yokusebenzisa ibhethri ngokungalenzi lisebenzise ububanzi bokushaja obuphelele,” kusho u-Onori. Ucwaningo oluhlobene lugxile kumaseli e-lithium-ion angawodwa, ngokuvamile angalahlekelwa amandla okushaja ngokushesha njengoba kwenza amaphakethe ebhethri agcwele.

Ethakaselwe, u-Onori kanye nabacwaningi ababili elabhorethri yakhe – isazi se-postdoctoral uVahid Azimi kanye nomfundi we-PhD u-Anirudh Allam – banqume ukuphenya ukuthi ukuphathwa okusungula izinhlobo zamabhethri akhona kungathuthukisa kanjani ukusebenza kanye nokuphila kwenkonzo yephakethe lebhethri eligcwele, elingaba namakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamaseli.

Imodeli yebhethri ethembeke kakhulu

Njengesinyathelo sokuqala, abacwaningi bakhe imodeli yekhompyutha ethembekile kakhulu yokuziphatha kwebhethri eyayimelela ngokunembile izinguquko zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwebhethri ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwayo. Ezinye zalezi zinguquko zenzeka ngemizuzwana noma imizuzu - ezinye ziqhubeka izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka.

“Ngokwazi kwethu konke, akukho cwaningo lwangaphambilini olusebenzise uhlobo lwemodeli yebhethri ethembekile kakhulu, enezikhathi eziningi esiyidalile,” kusho u-Onori, ongumqondisi we-Stanford Energy Control Lab.

Ukusebenzisa ukulingisa ngemodeli kusikisele ukuthi ibhethri lesimanje lingalungiswa futhi lilawulwe ngokwamukela umehluko phakathi kwamaseli alo ayingxenye. U-Onori nozakwabo babona imodeli yabo isetshenziswa ukuqondisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuphatha amabhethri eminyakeni ezayo ezingasetshenziswa kalula ekwakhiweni kwezimoto ezikhona.

Akuzona izimoto zikagesi kuphela ezizozuza. Cishe noma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza "olucindezela kakhulu ibhethri" lungaba ukhetho oluhle lokuphathwa okungcono olusekelwe emiphumeleni emisha, kusho u-Onori. Isibonelo esisodwa? Izindiza ezifana ne-drone ezinokusuka nokufika ngogesi, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi i-eVTOL, abanye osomabhizinisi abalindele ukuthi zisebenze njengamatekisi omoya futhi zinikeze ezinye izinsizakalo zokuhamba emoyeni emadolobheni eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo. Noma kunjalo, ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zamabhethri e-lithium-ion aphinde ashajwe ziyakhanga, okuhlanganisa ukuhamba ngezindiza okuvamile kanye nokugcinwa okukhulu kwamandla avuselelekayo.

“Amabhethri e-lithium-ion asevele ashintshe umhlaba ngezindlela eziningi,” kusho u-Onori. “Kubalulekile ukuthi sithole okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka kulobu buchwepheshe obushintshayo kanye nabazolandela.”